Walmart and Ethics Article Summary Essay Example for Free

Walmart and Ethics Article Summary Essay The article was acquired from http://knowledge. wharton. upenn. edu/article. cfm? articleid=2999, titled Everyone’s Problem: Looking Beyond the Wal-Mart Bribery Case. This is article’s purpose is to show how common bribing of public officials is using Wal-Mart’s case as an example. Wal-Mart is still having issues building up their ethical perception to the public. They had many shareholders investing in Mexico and these shareholders wanted answers on why the bribery was overlooked by upper management. The article gives many examples of countries that regularly participate in acts of some kind of bribery or countries where it is socially accepted. Many researchers believe this bribery is hard to track because people won’t speak up and most activity happens under the table. However, ‘Shaun Donnelly, vice president of investment and financial services at the United States Council for International Business, a New York City-based nonprofit, says that â€Å"the trend is in the positive direction. The public sentiment is that bribery is not an acceptable way to do business. † ‘(1) On the other side of things William s. Laufer, Wharton Professor of legal studies in business ethics, thinks that even with increased FCPA enforcement that acts of bribery of public officials is still on the rise. In the case of Wal-Mart the only excuse to remotely explain these acts would be the difference in culture, and what is and is not socially expectable. This article argues that corporate political influence can increase acts of bribery. The authors of this article used appropriate examples and sources for their facts, and the quotes throughout the article were from people with prestige. I enjoyed this article and as a publisher I would print because it brings about factual evidence supporting a claim that there is an unseen uprising in bribery involving public officials. I believe a point was reached in that the case of Wal-Mart was used as example of corporate political influence. The author backed up his main idea with showing how common bribery among public officials is and the influence a big corporation can have on a countries government. This article does lack some evidence from the corporation’s point of view. The article could contain quotes and/or opinions from corporations themselves or top management. There probably is some other evidence out there countering that bribery on the corporation level is not abused so often. However, this article flaws are covered up by a strong main idea and conclusion. This article is very sound in that has factual evidence and quotes to back up a main idea that uses Wal-Mart as its main example.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay The characters of the King and the Duke are most likely the most important after Huck and Jim in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. These two men come into Hucks story in chapter nineteen when he leaves the Grangerfords, a family who is fighting a continuous and everlasting war against their neighbors, the Shepherdsons. Huck sees the King and the Duke being chased by some dogs, and he decides to take them aboard the raft, which Huck and Jim are using to travel down the Mississippi River. Huck eventually realizes that the two men that he helped are con artists. Towards the end of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the two phonies are tarred and feathered by a mob who was finally able to catch them. The punishment of the Duke and the King was suitable because the scams they performed were sickening, and they obviously were not bothered by what they did. Mark Twain shows his disrespect for the two imposters through Hucks first impression of them, and how he reacts to the small scams they carry out. The appearance of the King and the Duke is negative from the moment he sees them. His impression of the King is that He had an old battered-up slouch hat on, and a greasy blue woolen shirt, and ragged old blue jeans britches stuffed into his boot-tops, and home-knit galluses? no, he only had one. He had an old long-tailed blue jeans coat with slick brass buttons flung over his arm, and both of them had big, fat, ratty-looking carpet bags. (Page 120) This impression The two of them go on to make up stories how one is actually the Duke of Bridgewater and that the other is the rightful King of France. Huck later comments that It didnt take me long to make up my mind that these liars warnt no kings nor dukes at all, but just low-down humbugs and frauds. (Page 125) The next day, the Duke and the King go into the town of Pokesville, where they go to a town meeting in the woods. The King tells the people at the meeting that he is an ex-pirate of the Indian Ocean who has found his true path and wants to dedicate his life to converting other pirates to this true path of life. Everyone cries for him, and he ends up collecting $87. 75 for this scam and a jug of whiskey. Another time, the Duke decides to perform a low comedy to the people of Pokesville called the Royal Nonesuch. At the bottom of the handbill, it says that women and children are not admitted, in attempt to get a large group of men to come. The people feel cheated because the Duke and the King only act a small skit and then leave. The following two nights, the show is sold out but on the third night, Huck realizes that the crowd has rotten eggs and cabbages stuffed in their pockets. He tells the Duke and the King, and they are able to escape with a total of 465 dollars. At supper, the king and the duke fairly laughed their bones loose over the way theyd served them people. (Page 152) The scams that the two frauds performed showed how low-down and rotten they actually were. Huck is hurt by the following two greedy cons that the King and the Duke pull off. The first was one where they found out that a man named Peter Wilks had died and they pretended to be his long lost brothers in order to steal the inheritance from the three Wilks daughters. They actually stooped this low just to gain some money. They only thought of themselves without even considering future of the girls who were relying on them to take them back to England and care for them. Obviously, the plan of the King and the Duke was that once they collected enough money, they would just abandon the three, orphan sisters. This was the reason that their plan failed. Once they received six thousand dollars in gold, they wanted to stay longer to make more money. Eventually, the real brothers of Peter Wilks came, and everyone realized that the King and the Duke were just impostors. Mark Twain showed his disgust for these men through Huck when he said, It was enough to make a body ashamed of the human race. (Page 162) Another instance in which the Duke and the King displayed their gluttony was when they sold Jim to Mr. Phelps in order to make forty dollars. Even after Huck and Jim had done so much to help the crooks, they stabbed them in the back. Then, Huck found out that they were going to the bar with the money they made from every scam and that they were getting drunk. This crushes Huck especially because he is so emotional and has such strong morals. After all this long journey, and after all wed done for them scoundrels, here it was all come to nothing, everything all busted up and ruined, because they could have the heart to serve Jim such a trick as that, and make him a slave again all his life, and amongst strangers, too, for forty dirty dollars. (Page 211) The reader really sees for the first time with the Wilks scam and what the Duke and the King did to Jim how dishonest they really are. The ending of the Duke and the King was appropriate because they were such horrible people. All the cons that they pulled off were more than enough for them to deserve a tar and feathering even though Huck did not believe so. Well, it made me sick to see it; and I was sorry for them poor pitiful rascals, it seemed like I couldnt ever feel any hardness against them any more in the world. (Page 230) The King and the Duke had outraged every town in which they performed a scam. They had to run from the people and dogs following them before Huck and Jim helped them, after the Royal Nonesuch, they had to flee from the mob, and the mob at the town where they tried to rip off the Wilks, they were almost lynched. If they felt that they were brave enough to try to scam all those towns, they must have known that they would have to face the punishment if they were finally caught. The Duke and the King deserved what they got because they cared for no one but themselves. The tar and feathering that the con artists received was a reasonable punishment because they were so greedy, and in their actions they showed that they had no morals or conscience. What was even worse was that they used the money that they stole poorly. They went and wasted it all every time just to get drunk. They were also the reason for slowing down Huck and Jims adventure down the Mississippi River because they were forced to stay with the King and the Duke. The characters of the King and the Duke were despicable and self-absorbed.

Moving Towards Convergence Convergence Trends Media Essay

Moving Towards Convergence Convergence Trends Media Essay The era of Gutenberg is virtually over. A brand new digital communications technology has emerged. An electronic superhighway is beginning to girdle the globe as voice, video and data converge, bringing in their wake a new basket of digital, multimedia and interactive communication technologies. But it is not just the technologies that concern us. It is the social change that accompanies the technologies that must be our prime concern. The new technologies are doing much more. They are changing the way we live-the way we work, relax, manage our money, trade and communicate with each other. The new technologies are changing the way we perceive people, cultures, countries and companies and our expectations of them and also our expectations of ourselves. With blurring of geographical boundaries, thanks to the distance insensitive Internet, majority of business and individual are becoming part of a high-speed networking fabric which will enable secure digital communication of voice, data, and video to or from anyone, any where and anytime. Till recently, it wold have sounded like a chapter straight out of science fiction fortunately, the technology now exists to deliver it. Customers now want to pick and chose from narrowcast and broadcast. They want a fusion of voice, data, and video in all possible mixes. In other words, this means the availability of multiple technology choices to fulfill the customers desire for anytime access to people, information, and commerce. But convergence does not necessarily sound the death knell of age-old-technologies. In fact, it leaves enough room for many technologies to co-exist and one will not replace the other outright. This is because no one technology can meet all the requirements of the market-place. Hence, each technology will find its niche and redefine new and old classes of service and user terminals. In this context one can safely assume that there will be a rash of new user terminals that will let us communicate in ways we dream. Convergence is the key today. We can think about convergence in several different ways. One is in terms of the actual industries converging, such as communication, entertainment, and computing. Another is converging voice, video, and data over a common infrastructure or within a common computing platform. One important factor during convergence is the transformation of the desktop computer through faster processors supporting advanced graphics and multimedia capabilities. The PC today is a collaborative communication and media tool . Another factor driving convergence is the cost of maintaining three separate networks for voice, video, and data. Corporations can realize substantial saving in equipment, staff, and services by using converged networks. Enterprises are looking at cost savings in the WAN as the first leverage point for convergence. Using Voice-over-Frame Relay, VOIP and Voice-over-ATM the same WAN lines can be used for voice as well as data, resulting in substantial cost savings. Next, enterprises want to install the LAN and WAN infrastructure to do real-time video and audio information delivery. For education, a professors lecture can be delivered to remote campuses live or as stored video-on-demand files on a web sites, Converged networks can also be used to deliver corporate communications, presentations, and training to employees directly at their desktop. 2. Points to ponder Changing Mindsets There is emerging evidence of the immediate benefits of convergence strategies, if investments are made strategically, but these short term gains are not the only opportunity. Our focus is to look at opportunity both short and long term, created by the emergence of hybrid media and how companies can capitalize on these opportunities. Now to look at the opportunities it creates for the future. Potential to increase revenue > Reaches both cyber and traditional segments > Achieved synergies between online and offline business to promote sales > Increase access to businesses anytime and anywhere > Premium services such as customization, home delivery and choice tools increase the stickiness and allow companies to charge a premium price Potential to reduce costs > Build on a common inventory, information and logistics base > Reduce cost of contacting customers and other interaction costs > Virtual communities can help reduce the company supplied information and support > Involves customers as co-producers, reduces RD and marketing costs Creating options > Allows the company to reserve future options > Creates opportunities to move into segments or strategies online and offline as the technology and consumers continue to evolve What is Converging? Convergence, as we are referring here, means more than fusion of technologies (television, computers, wireless etc). The focus area is more of a basic convergence within a consumer- the new possibilities created by technologies and the past consumption patterns of the consumer which was restricted to traditional media consumption. The convergence will shape how the internet and other technologies unfold, and the opportunities created for companies. These are some of the questions which need to be dealt in detail. To understand and analyze the impact of media convergence , I have done a detailed case study analysis of two classic modern day examples of media convergence strategies. The case not only helps understand the practical application of media tools but also gives a measurable index in terms of its success. 1. XBOX Launch Strategy Objectives To bring the XBOX console to India by introducing the category in an organized manner. To reach out to a fairly affluent, gizmo friendly and upwardly mobile audience. Implementation The launch of X BOX provides an illustrative case study for convergence and optimum use of various advertising mediums. The launch was divided into two phases First phase to focus on generating a pre launch buzz and demand through interactive medium, while the Second phase saw the launch campaign of the console focusing on brand building advertising and viral Marketing. First Phase: The first phase saw the use of primarily two interactive mediums Internet and Mobile (SMS+WAP). It focused on generating demand for a category and brand which was getting introduced in India for the first time. Since the objective was to reach out to a fairly affluent, gizmo friendly and upwardly mobile audience a combination of Internet and Mobile media was chosen to execute the campaign. Viral marketing was weaved at every step of the campaign to maximize the media reach both on internet and mobile platforms. Campaign was seamlessly integrated on web, mobile and on ground to synchronize the lead generation activity from across all the media platforms. Internet campaign: The internet campaign launch synchronized the outbreak of homepage banners on all the major portals in India like Rediff.com, MSN.co.in, Yahoo.co.in, Sify.com, Indiatimes.com etc. All the mass portals combined together provided reach to 80% of the Indian audience logging on to the internet on a particular day. The impact of through size and visibility of the homepage properties across the main portals made the X Box campaign an instant hit and a talking point in media circles. The response on the first day itself was very promising with almost 20,000 users visiting the website. Mobile campaign: SMS: A short code campaign was activated through all consumer-facing on ground collaterals. Users could know more about XBOX by SMSing XBOX to 8243. A similar viral marketing campaign was conducted on Mobile where users could win wireless keyboard and mouse by forwarding the SMS with the XBOX offer to their friends. More than 2,000 unique users referred the promo SMS to around 4400 unique users. In all, the SMS engine saw 24,000 Hits with 16,000 Unique Users asking for the promo details. WAP: WAP Platform was chosen to be used for the first time in any of Microsoft campaigns for X BOX since the audience browsing WAP sites fitted in perfectly with Xboxs target audience. The WAP Site powered by Yahoo was promoted on Yahoo and Airtel WAP Sites. The WAP page got close to 120,000 hits with 20,000 Unique Users visiting the page during the two month campaign. Second Phase: The second phase clearly chalked out the objective of introducing the product to the audience through brand building media properties and maximizing interactions. The launch phase saw a multi media campaign across radio, TV, OOH and Internet. The TVC was really clutter breaking and had a viral appeal and the same was used as a video banner with astounding results. TVC and Video Banners did exceptionally well for the campaign. Almost every impression resulted in some interaction from the user making the video ad i.e. the TVC reach to almost 700,000 unique users seeing it twice. Results The combined effect of radio, TV, OOH , mobile and Internet made X box launch , one of the most successful launch for Microsoft and provided the perfect example of the convergence of traditional and modern mediums of advertising and its implication , thereof. This helped in generating a lot of traffic to the microsite with 10 million impressions on the same. Also the number of interactions and queries were close to 150,000. Also this overall campaign helped in reducing the cost per interaction to USD 0.33 per interaction. Since the TG was affluent, gizmo freak and upwardly mobile population the use of digital media and mobile in combination with the older mediums like TV, Print, Out of Home worked wonders for the campaign. The interactivity levels went up so much that almost every impression resulted in either a comment or a query. There were as much as 700,000 impressions on the TVC for the campaign. This case study beautifully illustrates how both mobile and internet were interchangeably used and worked wonders for the brand. 2. Barrack Obama Presidential Election Campaign Objective Increase interactivity with all the sections of the society and of different age groups. Also to increase word of mouth advocacy for Brand Obama Implementation The Barack Obama Marketing campaign is the best example of how convergence of the media was used to promote him as the Americas next president. Multichannel marketing is best recommended but one cannot force people to use new mediums, masses need to be talked to with mediums you want them to use otherwise they wont notice you. They need to communicated in a way which is non intrusive but interesting and engaging at the same time. The Obama campaign had a widespread reach and was impossible to ignore. They used traditional media such as radio, television and direct mail and they used them effectively as they knew their target audience and delivered crisp messages to them. Traditional media was the best way to target baby boomers and older Americans. It was a strong campaign which covered the maximum reach in that for an entire half an hour blocked half an hour across channels for his own commercial in waning hours of the campaign. The Obama campaign could practically print money, this is one of the main reasons how the multichannel marketing campaign was possible. Obama for his campaign even bought a satellite channel for 24 hours Obama TV. The online campaign launched for promotion of Obama as a presidential candidate is an excellent example how internet as a medium was used mobilize audience and interact with party and candidate. The campaigns website was not normal brochure ware but an interactive tool where supporters could log in, find supporters in each area; help the campaign identify prospective voters and support volunteers for the campaign. These people could also help in canvassing and word of mouth publicity. The site also had functions and tools which could be used to enable supporters to successfully advocate for Obama online. The site had been designed to encourage contribution and donations at every click. EDMs and mailers were extensively used for promotion of agenda. Though these were agenda based the mailers were very informal and interactive. Each covered a single topic every time. They were short and to the point and were frequent enough for top of mind recall, and mostly included a link to a video with candidate talking directly to the subscriber. They also used Youtube, world largest video content website for its video infrastructure. They set up a YouTube channel through which they communicated with YouTube users. But because YouTube videos can be pasted anywhere, they used their YouTube videos on their Web site, in their blog, on Facebook, and anywhere else they needed video. For this they had a specialized team who took care of videos suited to the requirements of the Youtube campaign. The uploaded videos were primarily made for being uploaded on Youtube and were not just TV commercials. Not only did they have their Facebook, MySpace and Twitter, the Obama campaign established a social networking presence at ethnic social networks like Black Planet, MiGente and AsianAve as well as Eons, Faithbase and Glee. The Obama campaign used the text messaging brilliantly. They also had a mobile website which was used to generate database and interact with people through mobile and use it as a viral instrument. The iphone users among their supporters could download an Obama application that encouraged people organize and spread the word. The campaign not only was present on Search Engine Ads but also had a presence on online display banners. There was hardly any campaign related to politics online without Obama banners running on it. Through the database generated online and on the mobile content page, the campaign administrators used them to create Obama loyalists and supporters. For the youth community the campaign was also present on a highly targeted channel like gaming with display ads on gaming sites. Video game ads are a perfect example of getting the message before an audiences preferred medium. Adult Millennial men and young Gen X men are heavy gamers and, as a result, are hard to reach. Video game ads were the perfect medium to reach these voters. Social Media Marketing Barack Obama and his team actively used social media to connect with supporters and potential voters from every part of the country. On MySpace alone, Obama had over 350,000 friends, Facebook shows over 270,000, and YouTube shows over 24,000 in subscribers. The Obama site promotes its own group and event system with the my.barackobama.com section (you can set up your own group, blog, etc.) Baracks also integrated Flickr Videos into his website as well. They actively used Flickr to upload pictures of the campaign rallies, speeches and appearances. Not only had it helped in engaging people who were there in the event but also the pictures also provided the users to blog about the campaign and get a dialogue going on. Finally, and not insignificantly, the photos engaged the Flickr community itself, which is filled with very passionate photographers, amatuer and professional alike. Results About a million people signed up for Obamas text messaging program showing the amount of involvement of the people in the campaign. More than a 0.25 million text messages were exchanged by people to join the program showing word of mouth advocacy. The same was noticed for online and other mediums together. Obama was able to engage all the classes of audience through all the mediums together. People started blogging and discussing the political agendas and promoting the same. Brand loyalty built by engaging the users. The number of people who joined communities on facebook (5,969,069), myspace(13,50,000) and youtube(1,67,000 subscribers) shows the amount of support the campaign was able to generate amongst the users. Positive word of mouth publicity generated as the campaign was able to engage audience to do it for them rather than the brand publicizing themselves. Hence showing that the audience is more affected by peer pressure than anything else. New Media convergence and tools offered by the same gives freedom to the user which helps in generating honest feedback mechanism and engage audience with the brand more. The seed of effective convergence has to be nourished well today, so that the world and India as a nation reap its benefits in the future. Convergence as a tool should be regulated, governed and practiced in the right spirit to make it a part of the fabric of the nation. This convergence of technologies brings numerous benefits to consumers: Convenience, Random access, On-demand availability. It also facilitates the option of aggregation and collaboration of Information and giving an option of distributing and sharing of the same. Marketers today should look at chalking out strategies that are independent of a medium, instead take into account the several mediums that are at a users disposal each carefully tied in with a common message to give it a 360 degree exposure. The increasingly competitive environment in the multimedia industry promises tremendous user benefits through increased savings in time, greater choice, and an explosion of innovative services and products. This is the promise, to date, truly interactive services allowing the viewer to descend through a series of levels of information are still at the experimental stage. The development of multimedia services will not replace judgment value that is provided by the traditional media. Hence, the traditional media will still have a large role to play in the new multimedia world. Multimedia has the potential to vastly increase the range of services available, and offer its users a larger choice of applications but new technology alone will not ensure success; it is the people who use it who will decide the future of multimedia. The users wants and needs; how they will manage the flood of options; and, above all, whether or not they will pay for the freedom of choice are what counts. Â  

macbeth: symbolism :: essays research papers

In every Shakespearean tragedy there is always something called the â€Å"fatal flaw†. This flaw is seen in the main character or hero of the play. The hero always has the ability to overcome or control this flaw, however, if he can not control this flaw he reaches a point of doom. A point in the story where he has no choice but to continue downward through the spire of entropy. This leads to the tragedy. His or her end. The flaw is usually a master passion. This passion controls the hero’s thoughts and actions, and, if unable to control this passion it will lead to his doom. In Shakespeares â€Å"Macbeth†, Macbeth is an anti hero. He is very ambitious and courageous. However, he is also a moral coward, this is Macbeths fatal flaw, which in the end leads to his doom. Shakespeare defines Macbeth as a hero very clearly. His valor in defense of Scotland is significant in the opening scene. However, he is very ambitious to be king. At the beginning of the play, he was loyal to the king. While he did imagine the murder his mind rejects it and said, "Why, if chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me," (1.3.12-13). Yet his ambition increasingly defeated his good nature. In the play, everyone seems to want power. Usually, men are the ones who are outward and aggressive about it, and women are more subdued about it. Lady Macbeth has a great deal of power over Macbeth the power which she holds over him, is the fact that she possesses more of the "manly" quality than Macbeth himself. Because of this, Macbeth is ashamed of himself. Macbeth constantly tries to disprove Lady Macbeths doubt of his manhood. "When you durst do it, then you were a man, And, to be more than what you were, you would, Be so much more the man." (1.7.22). As you can see in this quote, Lady Macbeth has her doubts. However, the three witches control the most power, or the â€Å"ultimate† power in the play. "All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, thane of Glamis! All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee, thane of Cawdor! All hail, Macbeth! that shalt be king hereafter." (1.3.8-9). If they had not informed Macbeth about this, Lady Macbeth would never of found out about it and would not has expected Macbeth to murder the king, ultimately leading to Macbeths doom.

A Tan to Die For by Claire Oliver :: Letter to Editor Melanoma Tanning Solarium

â€Å"A tan to die for† written by Claire Oliver is a letter to the editor that shows that the use of solariums can greatly increase the potential for life-threatening melanoma. Claire Oliver’s tone shows a composed, collected and complacent frame of mind at her imminent death, stating that â€Å"[she is] at peace†. Her composed tone when discussing the certainty of her impending death appeals to a sense of rationality, and writes optimistically about the remainder of her life. This optimism, and personal responsibility, comes from her wish of helping those who do not know of the health risks involved in the beauty young teens crave to acquire. Ms Oliver states factually how little life she has remaining. â€Å"If I really fight it out, I may even have six weeks left.† She puts her life in perspective, and follows by showcasing her emotions more obviously. â€Å"It’s scary, because I feel myself getting more tired and it worries me that I might not wake up.† This fear evokes the sympathies of the reader. The writer then transfers her focus from her story to the risks involved with solariums and how she appeals to the government to educate the general public especially to the younger generation. She also demands some answers from the government and wants some honesty from them on how the dangers on solarium can kill you. Through her letter to the editor she implies that the solariums should be banned but for the first time she gives her opinion saying â€Å"Obviously, I think they should be banned.† She also implies the government is more concerned about business profits rather then the general public’s health. Ms Oliver tries to not focus her attentions on the government but to raise awareness and the sense of responsibility. The writer shifts her focus to her life background and how she was like any other normally 25 year old. She implies how â€Å"normal† she is because she wants to everybody to know that she was just as â€Å"normal† as everyone else. This disease can happen to anyone at any age.

Essay on The Pardoner of Chaucers Canterbury Tales :: Pardoners Tale

The Canterbury Tales - The Pardoner The Canterbury Tales is a poetic story of a group of people, who were going to pilgrimage. They were going to the tomb of St. Thomas a Bechet in Canterbury, which is about sixty miles from London in England. In that group, there were clergy and laity people. And in the poem Chaucer described all of them so well that we can easily see the picture of how they lived and how they behaved in manners of work and other ways of life. And while he was describing, he also criticized some members of the clergy position, because of their abusing of their position and doing things that they were not supposed to do, or not doing something they were supposed to do in their position. Among those people whom Chaucer criticized very much were the Friar and the Pardoner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the medieval society, where people were very religious, illiterate and superstitious, the Friar was respected as God himself. The Friar’s job in the church was to help people, who committed crime, by giving them a guide to pray for a certain time so that they can receive absolution. But the Friar in the Canterbury Tales was not honest and dedicated in doing his job. He abused his position by taking money from people who came to confess. He told them that they would get absolution if they pay him and thus broke the vow of obedience because it is against the Catholic Church. He broke the vow of chastity by having adulterous relationships with other women. By wearing expensive clothes, spending his time with wealthy people rather than helping beggars or sick lepers, he broke the vow of poverty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Pardoner is a person who says prayer for dead people so that the sins they had committed in life would   be forgiven. The Pardoner of The Canterbury Tales abused his position by selling some papers which he claimed if people bought, their time in purgatory would be shortened after death; he sold them for very high price. He also claimed that he had Virgin Mary’s veil, which would have been 1330 years after Mary died. He also claimed that he had St. Peter’s sail and said the pig bones, he always carried with him, were relics of St. Peter. Chucer also criticized him by implying him as a homosexual by referring him to a gelding or a mare.

Cyber Crime Law Essay

(a) Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer data and systems: (1) Illegal Access. – The access to the whole or any part of a computer system without right. (2) Illegal Interception. – The interception made by technical means without right of any non-public transmission of computer data to, from, or within a computer system including electromagnetic emissions from a computer system carrying such computer data. (3) Data Interference. — The intentional or reckless alteration, damaging, deletion or deterioration of computer data, electronic document, or electronic data message, without right, including the introduction or transmission of viruses. (4) System Interference. — The intentional alteration or reckless hindering or interference with the functioning of a computer or computer network by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering or suppressing computer data or program, electronic document, or electronic data message, without right or authority, including the introduction or transmission of viruses. (5) Misuse of Devices. (i) The use, production, sale, procurement, importation, distribution, or otherwise making available, without right, of: (aa) A device, including a computer program, designed or adapted primarily for the purpose of committing any of the offenses under this Act; or (bb) A computer password, access code, or similar data by which the whole or any part of a computer system is capable of being accessed with intent that it be used for the purpose of committing any of the offenses under this Act. (ii) The possession of an item referred to in paragraphs 5(i)(aa) or (bb) above with intent to use said devices for the purpose of committing any of the offenses under this section. (6) Cyber-squatting. – The acquisition of a domain name over the internet in bad faith to profit, mislead, destroy reputation, and deprive others from registering the same, if such a domain name is: (i) Similar, identical, or confusingly similar to an existing trademark registered with the appropriate government agency at the time of the domain name registration: (ii) Identical or in any way similar with the name of a person other than the registrant, in case of a personal name; and (iii) Acquired without right or with intellectual property interests in it. (b) Computer-related Offenses: (1) Computer-related Forgery. — (i) The input, alteration, or deletion of any computer data without right resulting in inauthentic data with the intent that it be considered or acted upon for legal purposes as if it were authentic, regardless whether or not the data is directly readable and intelligible; or (ii) The act of knowingly using computer data which is the product of computer-related forgery as defined herein, for the purpose of perpetuating a fraudulent or dishonest design. (2) Computer-related Fraud. — The unauthorized input, alteration, or deletion of computer data or program or interference in the functioning of a computer system, causing damage thereby with fraudulent intent: Provided, That if no damage has yet been caused, the penalty imposable shall be one (1) degree lower. (3) Computer-related Identity Theft. – The intentional acquisition, use, misuse, transfer, possession, alteration or deletion of identifying information belonging to another, whether natural or juridical, without right: Provided, That if no damage has yet been caused, the penalty imposable shall be one (1) degree lower. (c) Content-related Offenses: (1) Cybersex. — The willful engagement, maintenance, control, or operation, directly or indirectly, of any lascivious exhibition of sexual organs or sexual activity, with the aid of a computer system, for favor or consideration. (2) Child Pornography. — The unlawful or prohibited acts defined and punishable by Republic Act No. 9775 or the Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009, committed through a computer system: Provided, That the penalty to be imposed shall be (1) one degree higher than that provided for in Republic Act No. 9775. (3) Unsolicited Commercial Communications. — The transmission of commercial electronic communication with the use of computer system which seek to advertise, sell, or offer for sale products and services are prohibited unless: (i) There is prior affirmative consent from the recipient; or (ii) The primary intent of the communication is for service and/or administrative announcements from the sender to its existing users, subscribers or customers; or (iii) The following conditions are present: (aa) The commercial electronic communication contains a simple, valid, and reliable way for the recipient to reject. receipt of further commercial electronic messages (opt-out) from the same source; (bb) The commercial electronic communication does not purposely disguise the source of the electronic message; and (cc) The commercial electronic communication does not purposely include misleading information in any part of the message in order to induce the recipients to read the message. (4) Libel. — The unlawful or prohibited acts of libel as defined in Article 355 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, committed through a computer system or any other similar means which may be devised in the future. SEC. 5. Other Offenses. — The following acts shall also constitute an offense: (a) Aiding or Abetting in the Commission of Cybercrime. – Any person who willfully abets or aids in the commission of any of the offenses enumerated in this Act shall be held liable. (b) Attempt in the Commission of Cybercrime. — Any person who willfully attempts to commit any of the offenses enumerated in this Act shall be held liable.